2-1 Comparisons are needed to identify treatment effects

If a treatment is not compared to something else, it is not possible to know what would happen without the treatment, so it is difficult to attribute outcomes to the treatment.

Always ask what the comparisons are when considering claims about the effects of treatments. Claims that are not based on appropriate comparisons are not reliable.

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Know Your Chances

This book has been shown in two randomized trials to improve peoples' understanding of risk in the context of health care choices.

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The DIY evaluation guide

The Educational Endowment Foundation’s DIY Evaluation Guide for teachers introduces the key principles of educational evaluation.

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Sunn Skepsis

Denne portalen er ment å gi deg som pasient råd om kvalitetskriterier for helseinformasjon og tilgang til forskningsbasert informasjon.

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How Science Works

Definitions of terms that students have to know for 'How Science Works' and associated coursework, ISAs, etc

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CEBM – Study Designs

A short article explaining the relative strengths and weaknesses of different types of study design for assessing treatment effects.

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1 – New, but is it better?

In this Chapter: Introduction (this page) Thalidomide Vioxx Avandia Mechanical heart valves Herceptin References (Section 1) Key points Testing new […]

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Psychiatric disorders

Regrettably, research is not always well done or relevant. Take the example of a distressing condition known as tardive dyskinesia. […]

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HIV infection in children

The results of good research are also making a real difference to children infected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the […]

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Stroke

Stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability. The death rate is between one in six and two […]

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In an ideal world

‘In an ideal world, wherever possible, we could be gathering anonymised outcome data and comparing this against medication history, making […]

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Comparing like with like

In this sub-section Comparisons are key (this page) Treatments with dramatic effects Treatments with moderate but important effects Comparisons are […]

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