2-15 Fair comparisons with few people or outcome events can be misleading

Ebm@school – a curriculum of critical health literacy for secondary school students

A curriculum based on the concept of evidence-based medicine, which consists of six modules.

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Know Your Chances

This book has been shown in two randomized trials to improve peoples' understanding of risk in the context of health care choices.

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Tips for learners of evidence-based medicine: 1. relative risk reduction, absolute risk reductions and number needed to treat

Relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction and number needed to treat.

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Tips for teachers of evidence-based medicine: Relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction and numbers needed to treat

Tips for teachers of evidence-based medicine: 1. Relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction and number needed to treat.

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Evidence Based Drug Therapy: What Do the Numbers Mean?

Strengths and limitations of different measures of the effects of treatments.

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Therapy

A University of Massachusetts Medical School text discussing the strengths and limitations of different measures of the effects of treatment

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Understanding Health Research, a tool for making sense of health studies: use of statistics

In health research, researchers typically use statistics to determine statistical significance and effect size.

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Reading the Medical literature

American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACOG) introduction to critical appraisal and evidence-based medicine.

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Evaluating relevance

How to evaluate relevance of research in Michigan State University’s Evidence-Based Medicine Course.

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What are the results?

A Duke Univ. tutorial explaining how to address the questions: How large was the treatment effect? What was the absolute risk reduction?

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Delfini: Critical appraisal matters

A 20-minute slide cast discussing how reliable evidence and critical appraisal can help to improve health outcomes.

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Evidence-Based and Shared-Informed Decision-Making According to Homer (Simpson)

With help from Homer Simpson, James McCormack uses a 17-minute slide cast to explain the principles of thoughtful treatment.

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Fast Stats to explain absolute risk, relative risk and Number Needed to Treat (NNT).

A 15-slide presentation on ‘Fast Stats’ to explain absolute risk, relative risk and Number Needed to Treat (NNT) prepared by PharmedOut.

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Unsubstantiated and overstated claims of efficacy

A 32-slide presentation on misleading advertisements and FDA warnings prepared by PharmedOut.

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2×2 tables and relative risk

A 10-min talk on ‘2x2 tables and Relative Risk’, illustrated by 14 slides, with notes.

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Applying the evidence

Six key slides produced by the University of Western Australia on applying evidence in practice.

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Detectives in the classroom

Five modules of materials for promoting epidemiology among high school students.

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Applying the results of trials and systematic reviews to individual patients

Paul Glasziou uses 28 slides to address ‘Applying the results of trials and systematic reviews to individual patients’.

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Critical appraisal of clinical trials

Slides developed by Amanda Burls for an interactive presentation covering the most important features of well controlled trials.

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No Power, No Evidence!

This blog explains that studies need sufficient statistical power to detect a difference between groups being compared.

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Sample Size matters even more than you think

This blog explains why adequate sample sizes are important, and discusses research showing that sample size may affect effect size.

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Making sense of randomized trials

A description of how clinical trials are constructed and analysed to ensure they provide fair comparisons of treatments.

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Making sense of results – CASP

This module introduces the key concepts required to make sense of statistical information presented in research papers.

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MMR: the facts in the case of Dr Andrew Wakefield

This 15-page cartoon explains the events surrounding the MMR controversy, and provides links to the relevant evidence.

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Interpreting 95% Confidence Intervals

Gilbert Welch’s 9-min video on how 95% confidence intervals relate to p values.

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Desert Island Medical Journal

Small studies with few outcome events are usually not informative and can be misleading.

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Space-Diving Safety

Small studies with few outcome events are usually not informative and can be misleading.

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Rhona Feeling Almost Cynical

Anecdotes are an unreliable basis for treatment claims.

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Overview of study designs

11 slides and a 4-min commentary overviewing study designs for clinical research. (from Univ Mass Med School).

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P-values and the role of chance

Gilbert Welch’s 10-min video on p-values and assessing the likelihood that a difference between treatments is due to chance.

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Science fact or fiction? Making sense of cancer stories

A Cancer Research UK blog, explaining how to assess the quality of health claims about cancer.

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Randomised Controlled Trials vs. Observational Studies

5-minute video explaining the difference between randomised trials and observational studies.

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How to read articles about healthcare

This article 'How to read health news behind the headlines', by Dr Alicia White, explains how to assess health claims in the media.

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In defence of systematic reviews of small trials

An article discussing the strengths and weaknesses of systematic reviews of small trials.

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Mega-trials

In this 5 min audio resource, Neeraj Bhala discusses systematic reviews and the impact of mega-trials.

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A poem about regression to the mean

Regression to the mean can lead us to think that an intervention has been effective when it hasn't. This poem illustrates it nicely.

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Who decides what gets studied?

Clearly this situation is unsatisfactory, so how has it come about? One reason is that what gets studied by researchers […]

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Pre-eclampsia in pregnant women

Another outstanding example of good research concerns pregnant women. Worldwide, about 600,000 women die each year of pregnancy-related complications. Most […]

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